Research List

No.	Researcher	Title	Abstract	Year
1631	Aye Thanda Soe	THE EFFECT OF DESTINATION IMAGE AND DESTINTION EXPERIENCE ON TOURIST SATISFACTION AND LOYALTY IN BAGAN*	This study was conducted with the objectives of investigating the tourists� perception on destination image and experience of Bagan, the effect of tourist satisfaction on loyalty, and to analyze the moderation effect of destination experience on the relationship between destination image and satisfaction. 165 samples of tourist who visited Bagan at two consecutive Sundays in July, 2019 were taken by using systematic sampling method at exist points of five major destination points, by using structured questionnaire. Multi-hierarchical linear regression was used to analyze the moderation effect of destination experience. It was found that visitors had a good destination image and they felt good destination experience at Bagan. Both destination image and experience have positive, significant effect on tourist satisfaction; which in turn effect on tourist loyalty. Destination experience has negative moderation effect on the relationship between destination image and satisfaction of tourists. Destination marketers particularly give a great care on providing good destination experience to have satisfaction as poor experience may degrade the good image of Bagan or a good experience can even promote the image of Bagan. In order to spread positive word-of-mouth, tourist satisfaction is important and it should be nurtured by creating a good image and safe and pleasant experience for tourist.	2021
1632	Phyu Phyu Thinn	ACCESSIBILITY TO THE AFFORDABLE AND ADEQUATE MEDICINE UNDER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW*	The idea of protecting the pharmaceutical products including medicine under patent system of intellectual property law is designed to provide reward for the production industry and also to give incentive for further innovative and research. However, this will often put burden for some countries where the patented essential medicines are high price and out of reach for the poor. To encounter public health needs, changes were made in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) by providing more flexibility to the poorer countries and to increase the safeguards that countries could use remaining within TRIPS obligations to improve public health care. This paper will aim to analyze these flexibilities provided by the TRIPS Agreements for the WTO member States to encounter public health crises in the countries where no or limited local production capacity for essential medicine.	2021
1633	Baby Win	LIABILITY ISSUES IN MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT OF GOODS	Multimodal transport comprises at least two different modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract. Liability issues in multimodal transport of goods are the legal issues for the international transport, since it may involve two legal systems or more. These issues can be solved by making of single carriage contract by their agreement. Issues are concerned with basis of liability, period of responsibility, exclusion of liability, limitation of liability, loss of right to limit liability, time bar for suit, liability of carrier for his agents and servants etc. The focuses of the paper is to present the possible issues and possible application of legal documents relating to international multimodal transport. Relating to the liability issues, existing unimodal conventions applicable to the separate legs of multimodal carriage, existing multimodal legal documents and Myanmar Laws are compared and analysed in this paper.	2021
1634	Hnin Hnin Saw Hla Maung	DEFORESTATION IN MYANMAR: AN EXAMINATION OF ILLEGAL TIMBER SUMGGLING	Myanmar�s neighbors: Thai and China have much demand for timber from Myanmar. These countries suffer from deforestation and consequently seem to take up forest areas near the ThaiMyanmar border and in the Kachin State sharing the China border. There is much Logging in Myanmar, and then logs are smuggled to China, Thailand, and a few in the others. The weakness of law, regulations, management and security and the international demand for hardwoods has caused illegal timber smuggling especially, remoteness areas with a few legal compliances. It makes some kind of areas, such as Kachin, serious deforestation. There are many cases relating to illegal timber smuggling in Sagaing and followed by Bago. As a result, numerous illegal logging operations caused environmental damage such as soil erosion, river contamination, and increased flooding. To prevent it, the Government imposed the export of raw logs in 2014, and Forest Law, 2018, etc. Even though the legal framework to control the illegitimate timber trade has developed, illegal timber smuggling continues.	2021
1635	Hnin Nwe Htwe	COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON LAWS REGULATING MEDIA IN MYANMAR	The media is the essential one in the society and it supports not only for producing, gathering and disturbing news but also entertaining for the peoples. The media can affect the political, economic, social and religious security of a country. The effect of media can be negative or positive for the society. In a state, the media is controlled by various regulation systems. The media regulation system may be taking legal action, licensing, censoring and creating code of conduct. In Myanmar, there are many ways to regulate the media such as taking action by enacted law, licensing, examining by censor board and abiding the code of conduct created by related Councils. Most of the media regulation system is controlled by the state government but nowadays, self-regulatory bodies are also created and allow to regulate the media. In Myanmar, the authorities of licensing for all media such as press media, broadcasting media and digital media are solely controlled by the related Ministry. Myanmar Media regulation system can be seen as the strict regulation systems because of many national laws that can affect media sectors and controlling systems.	2021
1636	Hnin Yu Thida Lwin	COMPREHENSIVE STATE JURISDICTION OVER VESSEL-SOURCE OIL POLLUTION IN INTERNAL WATERS AND TERRITORIAL SEA	State has prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction under international law to exercise over the vessel for the prevention of vessel-source oil pollution within internal waters and territorial sea. A state may operate in the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea 1982 as the �flag State�, the �coastal State� or the �port State� with the subject of obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment. Vessel-source oil pollution may be caused by shipping activities and accidents at sea. Vessel-source oil pollution is one of the major issues for the protection of the marine environment. This paper analyses the role of the State jurisdiction to control the vessel-source oil pollution by implementing the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL73/78), and other regulatory conventions. States need to enact sufficient national laws by ratifying the international conventions on marine pollution to protect vessel-source oil pollution. When exercising jurisdiction, to effective control over vessel source oil pollution, all of the Coastal/ port and flag State need to cooperate on that matter. In addition, States need to manage the navigational system to protect the collisions and grounding.	2021
1637	Khin Hninn Wint Kyaw	LEGAL STUDY ON QUASI-CONTRACT	The foundation of quasi-contracts is based on the principles of Equity, Justice and Good Conscience, which requires that nobody shall benefit himself unjustly, at the cost of others. This is known as the Principle of Unjust Enrichment. A contract is an agreement enforceable by law. Mere statement which cannot give rise to legal consequences, and there is no intention to be legally bound. Although the absence of an agreement between the parties the law creates the obligation. A quasicontract is a contract which exists by order of a court not by agreement of the parties. Courts create quasi-contracts to avoid the unjust enrichment of a party in a dispute over payment for a good or service. In some cases a party who has suffered a loss in a business relationship may not be able to recover for the loss without evidence of a contract or some legally recognized agreement. To avoid this unjust result, courts create a fictitious agreement where no legally enforceable agreement exists. Courts also use the term quantum merit to describe the process of determining how much money the charging the party may recover in an implied contract. In short, the liability of the party who has enjoyed unjust benefits to the value of that benefit only.	2021
1638	Khin Mar Lar	PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN MYANMAR	In Myanmar, the Right of Persons with Disabilities Law was enacted in 5th Jun 2015 and the Rule on the Right of Persons with Disabilities in 2017. In order to fully participate in community by disabled persons living in Myanmar, the public buildings, transportation and telecommunication should be adapted and changed into the most reasonable accommodation for the disabled persons within a period of five years after this Law was enacted. Moreover, the State should instruct the relevant Ministries to train teacher and educational staffs systematically about the educational techniques and materials for the educational rights of the disabled persons like normal children depending on their learning scale without discrimination and neglect. And also the health information related to the disabled persons should be widely disseminated to protect the disability. Furthermore, this Law of Myanmar was enacted that the employers who appointed the specified proportionate number of disabled employees set by National Committee have tax free allowance. However, the number of disabled employees to be appointed was not mentioned. All the facts above including the appointment member of the disabled employment of disabled persons lives, communication and protection for the obstacles in the society.	2021
1639	Khin Thandar Tin	SUBJECT MATTERS DEALING WITH COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IN MYANMAR	Recently, Myanmar passed a new Copyright Law on 24 May, 2019 with updated rules. It will be enforced after publishing with notification by the President of Republic of the Union of Myanmar. The implementation of new rules is an important part for achieving the objectives of the new law. The comprehensive interpretation is also a particular way to reach effective decision when copyright owners claim the authorship for their works at the court. In the field of copyright, especially in literary, disputes many arise among the authors dealing with a perception on using prominent phrases or words in their works whether the authorship of copyright or not in Myanmar. If prominent phrases or words used by someone, it may or may not lead to copyright infringement account of reasonable. This paper will find out relevant results by taking into may or may not too in your more language findings.	2021
1640	Zin Mar Htoo	THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR THE MINIMUM AGE OF MARRIAGE IN MYANMAR	Child marriage or early marriage is a phenomenon that affects many countries. The causes of child marriage are various and complex. The impacts of child marriage which threaten child�s health, growth, education, social development and increase the risk of exposure to violence and abuse. Child marriage is a violation of human rights and is prohibited by various international conventions such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The State parties need to take into account the best interest of the child. Then it is necessary to establish a minimum age of marriage in order to reduce the occurrence of early marriage. Domestic Laws should comply with international conventions ratified by the country. Myanmar is a member of CRC and CEDAW. This paper will explain how Myanmar�s domestic laws on minimum age of marriage address Myanmar�s international legal obligations in child marriage.	2021

Research Publications

Myanmar Academy of Art & Science List of Research