Abstract

• This research investigates the impact of different leaf extracts on the characteristics (such as morphology, size, and crystallinity) and biological activities (including antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antacid effects) of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. The green synthesis of MgO NPs was performed using aqueous leaf extracts from Oroxylum indicum and Moringa oleifera as eco-friendly stabilizing agents. The synthesized MgO NPs underwent characterization through various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA) to assess their structural, morphological, and thermal properties. Biological studies assessed antioxidant activity using the DPPH radical scavenging method, while anti-inflammatory, anti diabetic, and acid-neutralizing activities were evaluated through egg albumin denaturation, α amylase inhibition, and back titration methods, respectively. Results showed that both Oroxylum indicum and Moringa oleifera extracts produced MgO NPs with excellent structural and biological properties, but significant differences were noted between the two. This study highlights the critical role that the choice of plant extracts plays in green synthesis, significantly impacting the structural and biological properties of the nanoparticles.