Abstract

• The focus on low-temperature processed electron transport layers (ETLs) has gained significant attention for the fabrication of flexible perovskite solar cells. In this study, anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and applied using the spin-coating technique, with annealing performed at 200 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystal structures of the TiO2 film. Additionally, the UV-Vis spectrum revealed a high transmittance exceeding 80%. The energy band gap (3.25 eV) and thickness (542 nm) of the TiO2 film were determined through Tauc's plot method and Envelope method, respectively. These findings suggest that this straightforward approach to preparing TiO2 ETLs holds promise for integration into the fabrication of perovskite solar cells.