Abstract

• This study recorded a total of 18 mangrove species, comprising 12 true mangrove species and 6 mangrove associates. In terms of relative dominance, Avicennia alba and A. officinalis were the most dominant species across all transect lines. Avicennia alba had the highest importance value index (IVI) at 145.22, while Sonneratia apetala had the lowest IVI value at 1.57. The application of Google Earth Pro was used to assess the loss and recovery status of the mangrove area from 2011 to 2023. According to historical images from Google Earth Pro, 3.51 acres (2011-2014), 13.37 acres (2014-2017), 0.65 acres (2017-2019), and 7.74 acres (2019-2023) were recovered, while 3.73 acres (2017-2019) and 2.54 acres (2019-2023) were lost.